Open data
Primary-source, cross-ISO datasets behind the analyses: the value concentrated in a few hours, where and when the grid peaks, and what a flexible kilowatt is worth by location.
Free to use with attribution (CC BY 4.0). These are the derived summary tables, reproducible from the primary sources.
Across the seven US ISOs (2018-2025), the 100 real-time hours with the largest price deviation from the annual median (about 1% of a year) hold a median 17% of the year's total arbitrage value, and the top 500 hours (about 6% of a year) hold a median 37%. The most concentrated market, ERCOT, reaches a median 55% in its top 500 hours.
In 2025, the avoided cost of cutting one kilowatt at the coincident peak ranged from about $33 to $293 per kW-year across 31 ISO zone rows (median about $154). Of these, 22 rows combine capacity and transmission (median about $172) and 9 carry one component only. PJM supplies 21 of the 31 rows and is highest (PSEG $293, DOM $254). Each figure is for a specific zone and year; 2025 is elevated by recent capacity-price spikes.
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